82nd Martyrdom Anniversary [May 14] of Allah Bakhsh: Great betrayal
of the heritage of a martyr who sacrificed his life for all-inclusive India
It
really needs a serious academic investigation that why a powerful mass based anti-two
nation political movement led by Allah Bakhsh among Indian Muslims got pushed
to oblivion. It suited the British masters and both Hindu and Muslim nationalists.
They saw India as a land of perpetual conflicts among religions and continue to
believe. But the Indian secular state, which has the name of Sind in its
National Anthem, became totally unmindful to this legacy which stood for a
secular, united and democratic India. Allah Bakhsh spent all his life
countering communal politics of Muslim League and its two-nation theory. In
fact, he laid down his life for this cause, assassinated by the goons hired by
Muslim league on May 14, 1943.
Who was Allah Bakhsh?
Allah
Bakhsh organized at the grassroots level among Muslims of India an effective
and massive opposition to the nefarious designs of Muslim League in
pre-Partition days. Allah Bakhsh was the Premier (those days chief minister was
known by this designation) of Sind during the eventful days of ‘Quit India’
Movement of 1942 as head of the ‘Ittehad Party’ (Unity Party) which did not
allow Muslim League to have any foothold in the Muslim majority province of
Sind. Allah Bakhsh and his Party were not part of the Indian National Congress
but when British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a derogatory reference
to the Indian freedom struggle and the ‘Quit India’ Movement in a speech in the
British Parliament, Allah Bakhsh renounced in protest all titles conferred by
the British Government.
While
announcing this renouncement he stated: “It is the cumulative result of the
feeling that the British Government does not want to part with power. Mr.
Churchill’s speech shattered all hopes.” The British administration could
not digest this dissent of Allah Bakhsh, he was removed from office by the
Governor, Sir Hugh Dow, on October 10, 1942. This great sacrifice of a Muslim
leader for the freedom of the country remains unknown even today.
The
fact that Nathu Ram Godse, closely associated with Hindu Mahasabha, VD Savarkar
and the RSS killed MK Gandhi on January 30, 1948 is known by all but how many
of us know that Allah Bakhsh a great fighter for the independence of a united
India and prolific opponent of the idea of Pakistan was murdered on May 14,
1943, in Sind by professional killers hired by the Muslim League. Allah Bakhsh
needed to be liquidated because he was able to muster massive support of common
Muslim masses throughout India against Pakistan. Moreover, Allah Bakhsh as a
great secularist with massive support in Sind and opposed to the formation of
Pakistan could prove to be the greatest stumbling block in the physical
formation of Pakistan as without Sind, the ‘Islamic State’ in the west of the
country just could not have materialized.
It
is a well-known fact that dismissal of Allah Bakhsh Government in 1942 and his
murder in 1943 paved the way for entry of Muslim League in Sind. One could see
the open ganging up of the British rulers and Muslim League in political and
physical liquidation of Allah Bakhsh and his kind of anti-communal politics. It
is important to remember that after the assassination of Allah Bakhsh Hindu
Mahasabha led by Savarkar joined the coalition government in Sind led by Muslim
League.
Sind
Muslim League leader M A Khuhro was put on trial as the main conspirator in the
killing of Allah Bakhsh. He was found not guilty, as the state could not
produce an ‘independent’ witness to prove his involvement. Significantly, it
was the same ground on which Savarkar secured acquittal in Gandhiji’s murder
case later.
Allah
Bakhsh directly challenged Muslim League led by MA Jinnah
Within
5 weeks of the Pakistan resolution of the Muslim League at Lahore, Allah
Bakhsh took lead in organizing AZAD MUSLIM CONFERENCE (Non-Partisan Conference
of Indian Muslims ) in Delhi at Queen's Park (opposite Old Delhi Railway
Station) between April 27-30, 1940 (it was to conclude on April 29 but was
extended by one day due to tremendous participation and large number of issues
to be deliberated) with 1400 delegates from almost all parts of India attending
it.
The leading light of this conference was the former
Premier of Sind, Allah Bakhsh who also presided over the
conference. The major Muslim organizations represented in this conference
were All
India Jamiat-ul-Ulema, All India Momin Conference, All India Majlis-e-Ahrar,
All-India Shia Political Conference, Khudai Khidmadgars, Bengal Krishak Proja
Party, All-India Muslim Parliamentary Board, the Anjuman-e-Watan, Baluchistan,
All India Muslim Majlis and Jamiat Ahl-e-Hadis. The Azad Muslim Conference was
attended by 1400 duly elected delegates from United Province, Bihar, Central
Province, Punjab, Sind, NWF Province, Madras, Orissa, Bengal, Malabar,
Baluchistan, Delhi, Assam, Rajasthan, Delhi, Kashmir, Hyderabad and many native
states thus covering the whole of India.
This
Conference was not only a male affair. An appeal was issued to Muslim women to
join it in large numbers which they did heed. More than 5000 women attended
this historic Conference. The Statesman a prominent pro-British and Muslim
League newspaper had to admit that “it was the most representative gathering
of Indian Muslims”. The renowned contemporary authority on communal
politics in India, Wilfred Cantwell Smith too corroborated that the delegates
represented a “majority of Indian Muslims”.
There
was no doubt that these delegates represented “majority of India’s
Muslims.” Apart from these organizations a galaxy of leading intellectuals
of Indian Muslims like Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari (who was in the forefront of
struggle against the communal politics of Muslim League, died in 1936),
Shaukatullah Ansari, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Syed Abdullah Brelvi, Shaikh
Mohammed Abdullah, AM Khwaja and Maulana Azad were associated with this
movement against Pakistan. Jamiat and other Muslim organizations produced large
number of booklets in Urdu against Two-nation theory and in support of
co-existence of Hindus and Muslims in India.
[The Hindustan Times, Delhi, April
29, 1940.]
The
conference resolved that Pakistan scheme was “impracticable and harmful to the
country’s interest generally, and of Muslims in particular.” The conference
called upon Muslims of India “to own equal responsibilities with other Indians
for striving and making sacrifices to achieve the country’s independence.”
Muslims like Allah Bakhsh who opposed the Muslim League and challenged its
communal politics had done thorough homework as will be clear from the contents
of presidential address delivered in Urdu by Allah Bakhsh at Delhi Conference.
He advanced historical facts to counter postulations of Muslim League and
invited its leadership to respond to the ideological issues raised.
While
decrying the concept of a theocratic state itself he said stated:
“It was based on a false understanding that India is
inhabited by two nations, Hindu and Muslim. It is much more to the point to say
that all Indian Mussalmans are proud to be Indian Nationals and they are
equally proud that their spiritual level and creedal realm is Islam. As Indian
nationals-Muslims and Hindus and others, inhabit the land and share every inch
of the motherland and all its material and cultural treasures alike according
to the measure of their just and fair rights and requirements as the proud sons
of the soil…It is a vicious fallacy for Hindus, Muslims and other inhabitants
of India to arrogate to themselves and exclusively proprietary rights over
either the whole or any particular part of India. The country as an indivisible
whole and as one federated and composite unit belongs to all the inhabitants of
the country alike and is as much the inalienable and imprescriptible heritage
of the Indian Muslims as of other Indians. No segregated or isolated regions,
but the whole of India is the Homeland of all the Indian Muslims and no Hindu
or Muslim or any other has the right to deprive them of one inch of this
Homeland.”
He
made it clear that communalism was the creation of high castes among Muslims
and Hindus. According to him:
“These feelings and ambitions among those who hope to
constitute the ruling caste among Hindus or Muslims, as successors of the
present Imperial Rulers [the British], revive and invent excuses for popular
consumption from historical or other sources, and by securing the support of
groups, manoeuver themselves into a position to play the political chess, which
promises a possible prospect of success in their aim of becoming the rulers of
the masses either integrally of the entire country or of a delimited region.”
He
asked the Muslim Leagures and other flag-bearers of Muslim separatism a
question based on Islamic historical experiences:
“Had the imperialistic structure of society been a guarantee
of the prosperity of the Muslim masses and had empires not carried the germs of
their own decay in them, then the mighty Omaiyad, Abbasid, Sarasenic, Fatimide,
Sassanic, Moghal and Turkish empires would never have crumbled, leaving 1/5th
of the human race, who live by Islamic faith in the condition in which they
find themselves today-disinterested, and destitute in the bulk. Similarly,
those Hindus who entertain similar dreams, and who out of tendentiously written
pages of history or out of the stimulating examples of the modern imperialists
select ingredients for the nourishment of their imperial dreams, or dreams of
exploitation, imposition and domination will be well advised to discard such ideals.”
He
was right in complaining (which also throws light on how Muslim League got
prominence) that, “Indian Mussalmans have a legitimate cause of complaint
against the Congress on the ground that it has not found it possible so far to
confer with them [anti-League Muslims of India] for a settlement of the
communal issue.”
Allah
Bakhsh in his address defended greatly the composite Indian culture,
“When they talk of Muslim culture they forget the composite
culture which the impact of Hindus and Muslims has been shaping for the last
1000 years or more and in which is born a type of culture and civilisation in
India in the production of which Muslims have been proud and active partners.
It cannot now merely by creating artificial States be withdrawn to segregated
areas. To art and literature, architecture and music, history and philosophy
and to the administrative system of India, the Mussalmans have been
contributing for a thousand years, their share of coordinated, composite and
syncretic culture which occupies a distinctly distinguished place in the types
of civilisations which hold a prominent place in the world. It would be a
disastrous loss to civilisation if it was proposed to withdraw all this to two
corners of India and leave nothing behind the ruins and debris of this
contribution. Such a proposal can only emanate from a defeatist mentality. No,
gentleman, the whole of India is our motherland and in every possible walk of
life we are co-sharers with other inhabitants of the country as brothers in the
same cause, viz., the freedom of the country, and no false or defeatist
sentiment can possibly persuade us to give up our proud position of being the
equal sons of this great country.”
Allah
Bakhsh, while calling upon to guard against communalism, declared that the goal
of the anti-communal movement must be, “to build up a vigorous, healthy,
progressive and honoured India enjoying its well-deserved freedom”. It is
understandable that in Pakistan there would be hatred and animosity towards
Allah Bakhsh for fundamental reasons discussed above. His life was cut short at the instigation of
Muslim League leadership which came to rule Pakistan. But why a
democratic-secular India decided to erase all memories of patriots like him is
a mystery. It is really shocking that we have Savarkar’s statue in Parliament
who was an ideological co-traveler of Muslim League, but no place for Allah
Bakhsh. In fact, it was that fatal mistake that paved the way for the current
take-over of the largest democracy on earth by the practitioners of Hindutva.
[For detailed study of
Azad Muslim Conference read author’s book MUSLIMS AGAINST PARTITION OF INDIA:
REVISITING THE LEGACY OF PATRIOTIC MUSLIMS (5th edition published by
Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt. Ltd. Delhi with website: www.pharosmedia.com).
It is also available in Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Kannada, Tamil and Punjabi.]
Shamsul Islam
May 14, 2025
http://du-in.academia.edu/ShamsulIslam
Facebook:
https://facebook.com/shamsul.islam.332
Twitter: @shamsforjustice
http://shamsforpeace.blogspot.com/
Email: notoinjustice@gmail.com
Link
for procuring Shamsul Islam’s books in English, Hindi & Urdu:
https://tinyurl.com/shams-books
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